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1870 ThenandNow—India 1920 


REV. H. D. GRISWOLD, PH.D. 


separated by fifty years, some startling differ- 

ences emerge. Then India was asleep; now 
she is awake. Then India seemed to be a part of 
the immobile East; now she is changing as rapidly 
as much of the West. Then our missions in India 
were preparing to get under way; now they are 
actually under way. It takes time for any organi- 
zation to become prepared for its finest work. No 
less than one hundred and forty years were required 
to fit our nation to render the service of the last 
few years. It has taken our Missions in India 
between seventy-five and one hundred years to bring 
them up to the point of their present efficiency and 
preparedness for larger things. 


1 contrasting these two dates, 1870 and 1920, 


To put the matter concretely, during the last fifty 
years the number of missionaries sent out by our 
Board to India has trebled and almost quadrupled, 
rising from about sixty to two hundred and ten. 
The number of organized churches has increased 
from thirteen to sixty-one, that of communicants 
from five hundred to ten thousand five hundred and 
fifty-eight, and contributions by the Indian Church 
from about Rupees one thousand to Rupees twenty- 
nine thousand annually. From 1870 to nearly 1900, 
bazaar preaching and extensive itineration were the 
methods of direct evangelism, for until the mass- 
movemenrs began the city was the great scene of 
mission work. Now the center of gravity lies in the 
villages. 

From 1895 to 1920 we have the beginning 


2 


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of mass-movements in our three India Missions.* 
The process of the unravelling from the bottom of 
the interrelated structure of Hindu society has 
already set in, and it shows signs of continuance. 
A new movement is just beginning in North India 
among the Chamars (leather workers), which prom- 
ises to be the biggest thing yet in the way of mass- 
movements. There are eleven million Chamars in 
India, for a million of whom we are responsible. It 
is a unique evangelistic opportunity. 

Missionary Education has kept pace with direct 
evangelism. In 1870, most of our High Schools for 
the educational evangelism of non-Christians were 
in existence. Since then the educational develop- 
ment has been both upward toward college education 
and downward toward the primary education of 
village Christians. Forman Christian College at 
Lahore, established in 1888, has a_ present 
enrolment of seven hundred and fifty students. This 
was followed in 1901 by the founding of Ewing 
Christian College, Allahabad, which is fast over- 
taking in numbers Lahore College. These two great 
Christian colleges provide for the education of Chris- 
tian students and for the educational evangelism of 
non-Christian students. In these days, when trained 
Christian leadership is so necessary, the strategic 
importance of these colleges can scarcely be over- 
estimated. A later development between 1910 and 
1920 is that of colleges for women. There is Wood- 
stock College at Mussourie, intended primarily for 
Anglo-Indian and European girls; and we have 
recently obtained a joint interest in Kinnaird Col- 
lege, Lahore, and the Isabella Thoburn College, 
Lucknow. Thus the higher education of women is 
distinctly at the front in India. These three Chris- 
tian colleges for women are the only colleges of the 


* North India, Punjab, .West India Missions. 


20000000 eee, 
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kind in the Punjab and United Provinces. Thus 


they have a chance to pre-empt the ground of higher 
education for women in these two Provinces. 

So much for the upward development of education. 
The mass-movements in the villages have brought 
into the foreground new and pressing educational 
needs. The children of these village Christians must 
not be left illiterate. A village Christian population 
of fifty or sixty thousand means that fifteen or 


FORMAN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, LAHORE. 


twenty thousand are of school-going age. Com- 
paratively few of these are now in school, but an 
adequate system is being created for their instruc- 
tion. Each of our three India Missions now has 
a Training School for Village Teachers—at Main- 
puri, Moga and Kodoli. It is a big problem, that 
of tackling the illiteracy of people who have always 


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been illiterate and so do not realize the value of 
knowledge, but the problem will be solved if adequate 
reinforcements and funds are forthcoming. 

The very name, Normal Training, hardly existed 
in 1870. Now there are in our India Missions at 
least eight normal departments. Not only do there 
exist three training schools for village teachers, but 
also College, High School and Kindergarten De- 
partments for the training of women teachers. 

In 1870 there may have been one industrial school 
in our three India Missions; now there are seven. 
Before the beginning of the mass-movements indus- 
trial work had ‘to do with only city industries, such 
as carpentry, blacksmithing, weaving, sewing, stone 
work, etc. The baptism of thousands of country 
folk has emphasized the need of developing the great 
country industry—agriculture. The Allahabad Agri- 
cultural Institute is of college grade. At Etah there 
is a chicken-demonstration farm. Chicken-raising is 
an hereditary occupation among the depressed classes 
from whom most of our village converts come, and 
this chicken-farm is an organized attempt to improve 
the breed of hens and the size of eggs, and so to im- 
prove the economic condition of the village Chris- 
tians. The Moga Training School has an Agricul- 
tural Department, and so has the Sangli Industrial 
School. It is felt that if there is such a thing as 
educational and medical evangelism, there is also 
a place for industrial and agricultural evangelism. 
In the past education in India,has been too exclu- 
sively academic. 

The Government of India has sanctioned the pro- 
gramme of the Industrial Commission, and will from 
now on heartily co-operate in establishing and devel- 
oping industries so as to make India industrially 
and economically — self-sufficient. Accordingly, at 
Allahabad, in connection with Ewing Christian Col- 


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lege, there is an Agricultural Institute of college 
grade; at Lahore, a Department of Industrial: Chem- 
istry in connection with Forman Christian College; 
and (in prospect) at one or the other of these col- 
leges, or at both, Departments of Engineering. Such 
is the industrial development in our India Missions 
during the last ten years. 

In 1870 there were perhaps two or three small 
dispensaries in our three India Missions. How dif- 
ferent it is now, when there are six hospitals and 
fourteen dispensaries, and where the annual expen- 
diture of about thirty-three thousand dollars is al- 
most covered by the receipts on the field. Of the six 
hospitals, three are general and three are for women 
and children alone. The Miraj Hospital has made 
a great name for itself on account of its skilled 
surgical work. The Memorial Hospital at Fateh- 
garh represents the influence of the mass-movement. 
In order to minister to twenty-five thousand village 
Christians in the Fatehgarh, Etah and Etawah dis- 
tricts, the Sara Seward Hospital for Women was 
removed from Allahabad to Fatehgarh and made 
a part of a general hospital. The Western India 
Mission is noted for its medical work, as the two 
northern Missions are for their work in the sphere 
of college education. As regards Medical Schools, 
there was nothing of the sort in 1870. Now there 
are two well-equipped schools of medicine, one at 
Ludhiana for women, and the other at Miraj for 
men. The Miraj Medical School is ours entirely. 
In the Ludhiana Medical School we have an interest. 

The first regular Theological Seminary was estab- 
lished at Saharanpur about 1885. Before that 
theological classes had been held at Allahabad and 
at other places. In 1870 there was nothing syste- 
matic in the way of theological education. Now 
there is provision for a regular licentiate course, 


CCT eee 
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as well as for a more elementary village-pastor’s 
course.. In addition, there is provision for a full 
course in English for college graduates, the studies 
being equal in difficulty to those of the usual semi- 
nary course in America. There is also a part-time 
theological class held at Kodoli in the Western India 
Mission. In addition, the three training schools for 
village teachers give a great deal of Bible teaching. 

What, then, is the situation which confronts us 
to-day? Our Presbyterian Missions in India have 
changed mightily during the last fifty years. India 
has equally changed. The great war has affected 
everything. One million of India’s sons went abroad 
in connection with the war. As they return, they 
are bringing with them all sorts of new impressions 
and ideas, just as Kipling has represented it in the 
“Eyes of Asia.” For good or for evil India will 
be more and more closely bound up with the other 
nations of the earth, and the days of her isolation 
are past and gone. By the Parliamentary proclama- 
tion of the 2oth of August, 1917, “The progressive 
realization of responsible government in India as 
an integral part of the British Empire” has been 
promised. So there is a great and satisfying politi- 
cal objective before the people of India. The agita- 
tion for home rule in the nation has as its religious 
counterpart a similar agitation for home rule in the 
churches. This will mean vastly greater things in 
the way of initiative, effort and sacrifice on the part 
of the Church in India. The new industrial pro- 
gramme as adopted by the Government of India 
means that there will be a great industrial develop- 
ment during the next quarter of a century. Indian 
womanhood is also forging ahead. India, too, as 
well as the rest of the world, will have a new place 
for women in her social, industrial and political life. 
The ministry of Pundita Ramabai, an Indian Chris- 


A007 
7 


STU 


tian lady, as head of the great Orphanage and 
Widows’ Home at Kedgaon, and the ability of Mrs. 
Sarojini Naidu, a Hindu poetess and _ political 
speaker, are significant of a new age. Colleges for 
women are springing up in various parts of India. 

There are significant indications that the commer- 
cialized traffic in strong drink will be dealt with in 
India after the fashion of America. Already a reso- 
lution prohibiting the traffic has been introduced into 
the Imperial Legislative Council, and received the 
votes of most of the Indian members. 

The Presbyterian Church in India has become a 
united and efficient organization, with a Christian. 
community of one hundred thousand, capable of 
great things in the way of aggressive evangelism, 
as the Evangelistic Forward Movement has shown. 
Our three Missions in India, through the establish- 
ment of an India Council, with a full-time Secretary 
(Dr. J. C. R. Ewing), have become unified and capa- 
ble of team-work. They are in a position to co- 
operate most effectively with the Presbyterian 
Church in India. If the Presbyterian Church in 
America reacts adequately to the need and the oppor- 
tunity in India, we ought to see “greater things” 
during the next twenty-five years than in the pre- 
ceding fifty years. 


Leaflets for Reference 


As It Is-To-ulay in intial... Genes coe e eee ot eee 03 
Girlhood . Daye: in. India, 27. : amin eee eee oe 03 
Historical Sketch of Missions........................ ae) 
Hospitale in- India... 3 ds «ca tener pees tenes -05 
India Royalty Favors -Missiong. .322 sak ocueu dtc... 04 
India’s Women are Finding Themselves.............. .03 
Schools and Colleges in India....................... 05 
The War Came to India Bringing. (eilts’ . 0-070 06 


Price, five cents; fifty cents ber dozen. 
September, r919. 


THE Woman’s ForeiGN MISSIONARY Society 
OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, * 
501 Witherspoon Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 


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